The kidney tissue is protected by three layers that entirely surround the kidney: The fibrous capsule (renal capsule) The perinephric fat (perirenal fat capsule) The renal fascia which besides the kidneys also encloses the suprarenal gland and its surrounding fat.

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are encased in complex layers of fascia and fat. They are arranged as follows (deep to superficial):

Testicular tumors are classified into two main categories: germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors account for the majority of testicular tumors, with non-germ cell tumors being less common.

Testicular tumors are growths that develop in the testicles, which are the male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Here are some pathology points related to testicular tumors:

The small intestine is an organ located within the gastrointestinal tract. It is approximately 6.5m in the average person and assists in the digestion and absorption of ingested food.

It extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocaecal junction, where it meets the large intestine at the ileocaecal valve. Anatomically, the small bowel can be divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Mandible squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that affects the squamous cells lining the mandible (lower jawbone). Here are some clinical points related to this condition:

The proximal and distal tibiofibular joints refer to two articulations between the tibia and fibula of the leg. These joints have minimal function in terms of movement but play a greater role in stability and weight-bearing.

In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints – their structures, neurovascular supply and clinical relevance.

Adapted from work by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

A mesenteric cyst is a rare condition where a cystic mass develops in the mesentery, the tissue that connects the intestine to the abdominal wall. It is a relatively uncommon finding, and the incidence rate is estimated to be around 1 in 27,000 individuals.

Vasculature

The spleen is a highly vascular organ. It receives most of its arterial supply from the splenic artery. This vessel arises from the coeliac trunk, running laterally along the superior aspect of the pancreas, within the splenorenal ligament. As the artery reaches the spleen, it branches into five vessels – each supplying a different part of the organ.