The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy to provide oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus and remove waste products. Here are some anatomical points and clinical aspects of the placenta:

Anatomical points:

The muscles acting on the foot can be divided into two distinct groups; extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a type of tumor that develops at the base of the spine, in the sacrococcygeal area. It is the most common tumor found in newborns, with a reported incidence of approximately 1 in 35,000 to 40,000 live births.

Sacrococcygeal teratomas are thought to arise from germ cells, which are cells that give rise to eggs or sperm. These tumors can contain a variety of different tissues, including hair, teeth, bone, cartilage, muscle, and nerve tissue. The tumors can vary in size and can be either benign or malignant.

Clinical Relevance: Disorders of the Stomach

Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease

 This is a digestive disorder affecting the lower oesophageal sphincter. It refers to the movement of gastric acid and food into the oesophagus.

GORD is a common condition, affecting 5-7% of the population. Symptoms include dyspepsia, dysphagia, and an unpleasant sour taste in the mouth.

There are three main causes of reflux disease:

The spleen is an important organ of the lymphatic system that is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and behind the stomach. It is a soft, purplish-red organ that is roughly the size of a fist and weighs between 150 and 200 grams.

The kidney tissue is protected by three layers that entirely surround the kidney: The fibrous capsule (renal capsule) The perinephric fat (perirenal fat capsule) The renal fascia which besides the kidneys also encloses the suprarenal gland and its surrounding fat.

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are encased in complex layers of fascia and fat. They are arranged as follows (deep to superficial):

Testicular tumors are classified into two main categories: germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors account for the majority of testicular tumors, with non-germ cell tumors being less common.

Testicular tumors are growths that develop in the testicles, which are the male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Here are some pathology points related to testicular tumors:

The small intestine is an organ located within the gastrointestinal tract. It is approximately 6.5m in the average person and assists in the digestion and absorption of ingested food.

It extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocaecal junction, where it meets the large intestine at the ileocaecal valve. Anatomically, the small bowel can be divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.