The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column. They are situated posteriorly to the peritoneum, behind the abdominal cavity, and are positioned higher on the left side than the right due to the liver's presence on the right side.

The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm. Here are the anatomical points of the spleen:

1. Kidneys:

• Renal capsule: A tough, fibrous membrane that surrounds the kidney and provides some protection.
• Renal cortex: The outer region of the kidney where most of the filtering of blood occurs.
• Renal medulla: The inner region of the kidney that contains the renal pyramids and the renal papilla.
• Renal pyramids: Triangular-shaped areas in the renal medulla that contain the nephrons, the functional units of the kidney.
• Renal papilla: The tip of a renal pyramid, which drains urine into the renal pelvis.
• Renal pelvis: A funnel-shape

1. Kidney: The kidney is a bean-shaped organ that is reddish-brown in color. It is usually about 10-12 cm in length and 5-7 cm in width. The outer surface of the kidney is smooth and shiny.
2. Renal hilum: The renal hilum is a notch on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter and exit.
3. Renal cortex: The outer layer of the kidney is called the renal cortex. It appears as a thin, light-colored layer just beneath the capsule.
4. Renal medulla: The inner layer of the kidney is called the renal medulla.

Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by the presence of excess protein in the urine due to damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidney. Here are some of the important anatomical points related to a nephrotic kidney:

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Splenic enlargement, or splenomegaly, is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the size of the spleen. Here are some of the important anatomical points related to splenomegaly:

1. Size: The kidneys are approximately 11 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick.

The spleen is a soft, spongy organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Here are some of the important gross anatomical points related to the spleen:

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column. They are situated posteriorly to the peritoneum, behind the abdominal cavity, and are positioned higher on the left side than the right due to the liver's presence on the right side.