The average fetal heart rate is between 110 and 160 beats per minute. It can vary by 5 to 25 beats per minute. The fetal heart rate may change as your baby responds to conditions in your uterus. An abnormal fetal heart rate may mean that your baby is not getting enough oxygen or that there are other problems.

Liver architecture in healthy liver and fibrosis. (A) In normal liver, hepatocytes are arranged in rows radiating outwards from the central vein, toward the edge of the lobule. The gaps between the hepatocyte rows are known as sinusoids which are lined with endothelial cells, and contain Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and contain extracellular material such as the non fibrogenic type IV collagen.

The liver is a peritoneal organ positioned in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is the largest visceral structure in the abdominal cavity, and the largest gland in the human body.

An accessory digestion gland, the liver performs a wide range of functions, such as synthesis of bile, glycogen storage and clotting factor production.

In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the liver – its position, structure, and neurovascular supply.

The aorta is the largest artery of the body and carries blood from the heart to the circulatory system. It has several sections: The Aortic Root, the transition point where blood first exits the heart, functions as the water main of the body.

Development of the Kidneys

In the embryo, the kidneys develop from three overlapping sequential systems; the pronephros, the mesonephros, and the metanephros. They are all derived from the urogenital ridge.

Pronephros

The pronephros appears in the 4th week of development.

Its development begins in the cervical region of the embryo. Segmented divisions of intermediate mesoderm form tubules, known as nephrotomes. In total, 6-10 pairs of nephrotomes are formed.

What is the heart? The heart is a fist-sized organ that pumps blood throughout your body. It's the primary organ of your circulatory system. Your heart contains four main sections (chambers) made of muscle and powered by electrical impulses. Your brain and nervous system direct your heart's function.2

The main functions of the urinary system include:

• Removal of metabolic waste products such as uric acid, urea and creatinine.
• Maintain electrolyte, water and pH balance.
• Regulation of blood pressure, blood volume and erythropoiesis, and vitamin D production.

Development of the urinary system is closely related to the development of the reproductive system; particularly during the earlier stages – where they develop from the same origin. However, the urinary system develops ahead of the reproductive system.

Title:

Liver, Child, Anatomy

Description:

Anatomy of the liver; drawing shows the right and left lobes of the liver. Also shown are the bile ducts, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and colon.

Anatomy of the liver. The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has a right lobe and a left lobe. Each lobe is divided into two sections (not shown).

Topics/Categories:

Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis has greatly advanced. Activated hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver.