What is the heart? The heart is a fist-sized organ that pumps blood throughout your body. It's the primary organ of your circulatory system. Your heart contains four main sections (chambers) made of muscle and powered by electrical impulses. Your brain and nervous system direct your heart's function.2

The main functions of the urinary system include:

• Removal of metabolic waste products such as uric acid, urea and creatinine.
• Maintain electrolyte, water and pH balance.
• Regulation of blood pressure, blood volume and erythropoiesis, and vitamin D production.

Development of the urinary system is closely related to the development of the reproductive system; particularly during the earlier stages – where they develop from the same origin. However, the urinary system develops ahead of the reproductive system.

Title:

Liver, Child, Anatomy

Description:

Anatomy of the liver; drawing shows the right and left lobes of the liver. Also shown are the bile ducts, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and colon.

Anatomy of the liver. The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has a right lobe and a left lobe. Each lobe is divided into two sections (not shown).

Topics/Categories:

Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis has greatly advanced. Activated hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver.

The kidneys are bilateral bean-shaped organs, reddish-brown in colour and located in the posterior abdomen. Their main function is to filter and excrete waste products from the blood. They are also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body.

The four heart valves, which keep blood flowing in the right direction, are the mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary and aortic valves. Each valve has flaps (leaflets) that open and close once per heartbeat.

https://youtu.be/hNAwT3QDM28

called vasa recta.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 4 – Arterial and venous supply to the kidneys.

Myrto @ PatrasAnatomy

Anatomical Relations

The kidneys sit in close proximity to many other abdominal structures which are important to be aware of clinically:

Anterior

Posterior

Left

• Suprarenal gland
• Spleen
• Stomach
• Pancreas
• Left colic flexure
• Jejunum
• Diaphragm
• 11th and 12th ribs
• Psoas major, quadratus lumborum and transversus abdominis
• Subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

Right

An ear-shaped projection called an auricle. (The term auricle has also been applied, incorrectly, to the entire atrium.) The right atrium receives from the veins blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide; this blood is transferred to the right lower chamber, or ventricle.