RACK 6 ABDOMIN

Abstract

Spleen can have a wide range of anomalies including its shape, location, number, and size. Although most of these anomalies are congenital, there are also acquired types. Congenital anomalies affecting the shape of spleen are lobulations, notches, and clefts; the fusion and location anomalies of spleen are accessory spleen, splenopancreatic fusion, and wandering spleen; polysplenia can be associated with a syndrome. Splenosis and small spleen are acquired anomalies which are caused by trauma and sickle cell disease, respectively.

The spleen is an important organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, and it has several important anatomical points, including:

The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, and it plays a crucial role in filtering blood and removing old or damaged blood cells.

There are several conditions that can affect the spleen, such as splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), splenic infarction (obstruction of blood flow to the spleen), and splenic fibrosis (scarring of the spleen).

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a tube-like organ that forms the last part of the digestive system in humans and many other animals. It is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, as well as storing and eliminating waste material.

The kidney with ureter is a complex organ system that plays a vital role in the urinary system. It is made up of several anatomical structures, including:

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column. They are situated posteriorly to the peritoneum, behind the abdominal cavity, and are positioned higher on the left side than the right due to the liver's presence on the right side.

The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm. Here are the anatomical points of the spleen:

1. Kidneys:

• Renal capsule: A tough, fibrous membrane that surrounds the kidney and provides some protection.
• Renal cortex: The outer region of the kidney where most of the filtering of blood occurs.
• Renal medulla: The inner region of the kidney that contains the renal pyramids and the renal papilla.
• Renal pyramids: Triangular-shaped areas in the renal medulla that contain the nephrons, the functional units of the kidney.
• Renal papilla: The tip of a renal pyramid, which drains urine into the renal pelvis.
• Renal pelvis: A funnel-shape

1. Kidney: The kidney is a bean-shaped organ that is reddish-brown in color. It is usually about 10-12 cm in length and 5-7 cm in width. The outer surface of the kidney is smooth and shiny.
2. Renal hilum: The renal hilum is a notch on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter and exit.
3. Renal cortex: The outer layer of the kidney is called the renal cortex. It appears as a thin, light-colored layer just beneath the capsule.
4. Renal medulla: The inner layer of the kidney is called the renal medulla.

Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by the presence of excess protein in the urine due to damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidney. Here are some of the important anatomical points related to a nephrotic kidney:

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