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25.GOITER

  1. Definition: Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can result from a variety of causes.
  2. Anatomy: The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, just below the larynx. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

23.KIDNEY WITH URETER

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spine. They are responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, and regulating the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body.

Each kidney is connected to the bladder by a tube-like structure called the ureter. The ureter is a muscular tube that contracts rhythmically to move urine from the kidney to the bladder.

22.SPLEEN

The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just beneath the diaphragm and behind the stomach. It is part of the lymphatic system and plays an important role in filtering the blood and fighting infections.

The spleen is a soft, spongy organ that is roughly the size of a fist in adults. It is divided into two main regions: the red pulp and the white pulp.

20.GANGRENOUS KIDNEY

Gangrenous kidney, also known as renal or kidney infarction, is a rare condition that occurs when blood flow to the kidney is blocked or reduced, leading to tissue death (necrosis) and potentially irreversible damage.

The most common cause of renal infarction is a blood clot, which may originate from the heart, a blood vessel in the kidney, or another part of the body. Other causes include arterial embolism, atherosclerosis, vasculitis, and trauma.

19.FOETAL SPLEEN

  1. Location: The fetal spleen is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the left kidney and behind the stomach.
  2. Size: The size of the fetal spleen can vary depending on the stage of development. At around 8 weeks, the spleen is about the size of a pea, but it grows rapidly and is approximately the size of a golf ball by 16 weeks.
  3. Blood supply: The fetal spleen receives its blood supply from the splenic artery, which arises from the celiac trunk.
  4. Structure: The fetal spleen is composed of two types of tissue: red pulp and white pulp.

18.SPLEEN

The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just beneath the diaphragm and behind the stomach. It is part of the lymphatic system and plays an important role in filtering the blood and fighting infections.

The spleen is a soft, spongy organ that is roughly the size of a fist in adults. It is divided into two main regions: the red pulp and the white pulp.

17.STOMACH WITH OESOPHAGUS

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. It is part of the digestive system and plays an important role in transporting food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus is approximately 25 cm long and extends from the lower part of the pharynx, through the thoracic cavity, and into the abdominal cavity, where it connects to the stomach. It is divided into three main parts: the upper esophageal sphincter, the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter.