Omphalocele is a rare congenital abdominal wall defect with a reported prevalence of 3.38 per 10,000 pregnancies. It is a protrusion of the abdominal contents covered with peritoneum through the base of the umbilical cord. Omphalocele can be isolated but is more frequently associated with other congenital anomalies and syndromes such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and trisomies 13, 18, and 21. The survival rate is close to 80%, and it is directly related to the severity of the associated anomalies, as infants with isolated omphalocele have a higher survival rate (90%).

There are several types of uterine fibroids, classified based on their location within the uterus:

Graafian Follicle Structure: The Graafian follicle is a fluid-filled sac that contains an immature egg, also known as an oocyte. It is surrounded by layers of cells, including the theca cells, which produce androgen hormones, and granulosa cells, which produce estrogen. As the follicle grows, it pushes against the ovarian surface until it reaches maturity, at which point it ruptures and releases the oocyte into the fallopian tube for fertilization.

Anatomical Structure

The uterus is a thick-walled muscular organ capable of expansion to accommodate a growing fetus. It is connected distally to the vagina, and laterally to the uterine tubes.

The uterus has three parts;

The ovaries are a pair of small, almond-shaped glands located in the pelvis on either side of the uterus. They are an essential part of the female reproductive system, producing and releasing eggs for fertilization and secreting hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Blood Supply: The ovaries are supplied by the ovarian arteries, which branch off the aorta and travel through the broad ligament of the uterus to reach the ovaries. The ovarian veins drain blood from the ovaries and ultimately empty into the inferior vena cava.

Breast surgical anatomy includes several key structures that are important to understand for surgical procedures.

Skin: The skin covers the breast and is important in breast reconstruction surgeries. Skin-sparing mastectomy is a type of mastectomy that preserves as much of the skin as possible to facilitate breast reconstruction.

Nipple and Areola: The nipple and areola are located at the center of the breast and are responsible for milk secretion during breastfeeding. In some breast surgeries, the nipple and areola may be removed, while in others they are preserved.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria (greater than 40 mg/m^2 per hour) responsible for hypoalbuminemia (less than 30 g/L), with resulting hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. It is caused by increased permeability through the damaged basement membrane in the renal glomerulus. It results from an abnormality of glomerular permeability that may be primary with a disease-specific to the kidneys or secondary to congenital infections, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, neoplasia, or certain drug use.

Kyb-r (1870) described the spleen in man, cat, dog, horse and rabbit as being divided into several segments by 'fibrous septa'. He stated that each segment was supplied by its own main artery. Tait & Cashin (1925) confirmed the presence of segments in the spleen of the dog and cat and showed that stimulation of individual neurovascular bundles in the dog spleen produced localized contraction of a segment.

Why should women know about fibroids?

About 20 percent to 80 percent of women develop fibroids by the time they reach age 50. Fibroids are most common in women in their 40s and early 50s. Not all women with fibroids have symptoms. Women who do have symptoms often find fibroids hard to live with. Some have pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. Fibroids also can put pressure on the bladder, causing frequent urination, or the rectum, causing rectal pressure. Should the fibroids get very large, they can cause the abdomen (stomach area) to enlarge, making a woman look pregnant.

Uterine fibroids

Fibroids are muscular tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus (womb). Fibroids are almost always benign (not cancerous). Not all women with fibroids have symptoms. Women who do have symptoms often find fibroids hard to live with. Some have pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. Treatment for uterine fibroids depends on your symptoms.