RACK 5 EMBRYOLOGY AND APPLIED ANATOYMY

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the mandible is a common, highly invasive oral malignancy, often arising from the gingiva (gum tissue) or as Primary Intraosseous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PIOSCC) from odontogenic remnants. It frequently presents with swelling, pain, paresthesia, and tooth mobility. Surgical resection (often mandibulectomy) is the primary treatment, commonly combined with reconstruction. 

Key Aspects of Mandibular SCC

Breast cancer is when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that multiply and form tumors. Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men, as well as younger women. Healthcare providers may treat breast cancer with surgery to remove tumors or treatment to kill cancerous cells.

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Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria (greater than 40 mg/m^2 per hour) responsible for hypoalbuminemia (less than 30 g/L), with resulting hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. It is caused by increased permeability through the damaged basement membrane in the renal glomerulus. It results from an abnormality of glomerular permeability that may be primary with a disease-specific to the kidneys or secondary to congenital infections, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, neoplasia, or certain drug use.

Kyb-r (1870) described the spleen in man, cat, dog, horse and rabbit as being divided into several segments by 'fibrous septa'. He stated that each segment was supplied by its own main artery. Tait & Cashin (1925) confirmed the presence of segments in the spleen of the dog and cat and showed that stimulation of individual neurovascular bundles in the dog spleen produced localized contraction of a segment.

A fibrous (scarred) liver often coexists with gallstones due to shared metabolic risk factors like obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Fatty liver can progress to fibrosis, impairing bile metabolism and increasing gallbladder stone formation. Management requires treating the underlying liver disease and addressing gallstone symptoms. 

Bangkok Hospital +5

Fibrosis and cirrhosis are not specific disorders. Instead, they are the result of other causes of liver damage.

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Uterus covered by the broad ligament

The umbilical cord is a lifeline connecting the fetus to the placenta, providing oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. It typically contains one vein and two arteries surrounded by Wharton’s jelly. Formed in the first trimester, it reaches about 50-60 cm in length, is cut at birth, and falls off the infant within 1-3 weeks. 

Wikipedia +6

The placenta (pl.: placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation.

The spleen in a child is a vital, fist-sized lymphatic organ located in the upper left abdomen that filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and helps fight infections. It is normally palpable in many newborns, infants, and toddlers. Its size increases with age, ranging from $\sim$4.5 cm in infants to over 10 cm in adolescents. 

Radiopaedia +4