RACK 5 EMBRYOLOGY AND APPLIED ANATOYMY

The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is an essential part of the female reproductive system. Here are some gross anatomical points related to the uterus:

Hepatomegaly is the medical term for an enlarged liver, typically exceeding 9 cm in women or 12.5 cm in men.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled cavities within the ovary that may develop as part of the follicle which forms monthly with the developing egg. After ovulation the follicle becomes a corpus luteum which makes progesterone. Either a follicle or a corpus luteum can form a cyst (follicular or corpus luteum cysts). There also are benign (non-cancerous) and rarely (cancerous) cysts which can form in the ovary.

A Graafian follicle is the final, mature stage of an ovarian follicle (

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped endocrine organ located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple.

various pathological conditions that can affect the gland, such as goiter, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. However, gangrenous thyroid is not mentioned as a distinct pathology.

Splenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen beyond its normal size (typically >12 cm), often caused by underlying infections (mononucleosis), liver disease (cirrhosis), or blood cancers (lymphoma). Symptoms include left upper abdominal pain, fullness, or early satiety. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with prognosis often good, though it carries risks of infection and rupture. 

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s or Graves'), or nodules, resulting in a visible swelling at the base of the neck. Symptoms range from none to difficulty breathing/swallowing, coughing, and hoarseness. Treatment depends on the cause and size, ranging from observation and medication to surgery.