The tibia is a medial and large long bone of the lower extremity, connecting the knee and ankle joints. It is considered to be the second largest bone in the body and it plays an important role in weight bearing.[1] Osteologic features of the tibia include medial and lateral condyles, the tibial plateau, the tibial tuberosity, the soleal line, the medial malleolus, and the fibular notch.

Osteologic Features

Clinical Relevance: Percutaneous Liver Biopsy

A percutaneous liver biopsy is procedure used to obtain a sample of liver tissue. A needle is inserted through the skin to access the liver.

The biopsy is required in several clinical scenarios:

The superior thoracic aperture, also known as the thoracic outlet, or thoracic inlet refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity. It is also clinically referred to as the thoracic outlet, in the case of thoracic outlet syndrome

Apart from the diaphragm, the list of structures that pass through the inferior thoracic outlet is best described by considering the various diaphragmatic apertures: ​aortic hiatus (T12) (not a true aperture) esophageal hiatus (T10) vena caval foramen (T8)

Abdominal Aorta

The abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta beginning at the level of the T12 vertebrae. It is approximately 13cm long and ends at the level of the L4 vertebra. At this level, the aorta terminates by bifurcating into the right and left common iliac arteries that supply the lower body.

Branches

In descending order:

The hilum is located on the medial aspect of each lung and provides the only route via which other structures enter and exit the lung. The hilum also serves as the point of attachment for the lung root and is the point at which the visceral and parietal pleura connect.

The key difference between Hilum and Root of Lung is that the Hilum of the lung is the large depressed area that lies near the centre of the medial surface while the Root of Lung is the all structures entering or leaving the lung at the hilum, forming a pedicle. Lungs are the respiratory organs of our body.

Distal penile gangrene associated with renal failure is a rare entity with only 3 cases reported in the literature. Certain physiological abnormalities are commonly found in association with this condition, including secondary hyperparathyroidism, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease.

Gangrene can develop when the supply of blood to an area of your body is interrupted.

This can occur as the result of an injury, an infection, or an underlying condition that affects your circulation.