Abdominal Aorta

The abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta beginning at the level of the T12 vertebrae. It is approximately 13cm long and ends at the level of the L4 vertebra. At this level, the aorta terminates by bifurcating into the right and left common iliac arteries that supply the lower body.

Branches

In descending order:

The hilum is located on the medial aspect of each lung and provides the only route via which other structures enter and exit the lung. The hilum also serves as the point of attachment for the lung root and is the point at which the visceral and parietal pleura connect.

The key difference between Hilum and Root of Lung is that the Hilum of the lung is the large depressed area that lies near the centre of the medial surface while the Root of Lung is the all structures entering or leaving the lung at the hilum, forming a pedicle. Lungs are the respiratory organs of our body.

Distal penile gangrene associated with renal failure is a rare entity with only 3 cases reported in the literature. Certain physiological abnormalities are commonly found in association with this condition, including secondary hyperparathyroidism, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease.

Gangrene can develop when the supply of blood to an area of your body is interrupted.

This can occur as the result of an injury, an infection, or an underlying condition that affects your circulation.

LUNG ANATOMY
The lungs are the organs responsible for respiration.

✓Function
The function of the lungs is to oxygenate blood. They achieve this by bringing inspired air into close contact with oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

✓Anatomical Position and Relations
The lungs lie either side of the mediastinum, within the thoracic cavity. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity, which is formed by the visceral and parietal pleura.

The right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung, which has two lobes. The lungs are separated by the mediastinum. This area contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes.