RACK 7 LOWER LIMB

Excretion in Humans

Excretion is the process where all the metabolic wastes are removed from the body. Excretion in humans is carried through different body parts and internal organs in a series of processes.

Human excretory system includes organs that facilitate the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body. The main excretory organs include kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. Kidneys filter the blood and urine is the filtrate obtained.

Life of every organism depends on certain basic processes. Excretion is one among them. Different organisms follow different modes of excretion. In complex organisms including humans, there is a specialized system for excretion called human excretory system.

Pathophysiology

The most common causes for meniscal tears are trauma-related injury and degenerative disease (the latter more common in older patients).

In traumatic tears, the mechanism typically involves a young patient who has twisted their knee whilst it is flexed and weight-bearing, with the onset of symptoms following soon after.

The aorta is the largest artery in the body, initially being an inch wide in diameter. It receives the cardiac output from the left ventricle and supplies the body with oxygenated blood via the systemic circulation.

What are testes?

The testes — also called testicles — are two oval-shaped organs in the male reproductive system. They’re contained in a sac of skin called the scrotum. The scrotum hangs outside the body in the front of the pelvic region near the upper thighs.

Formation of the Spinal Nerves

The spinal nerves are mixed nerves that originate from the spinal cord, forming the peripheral nervous system.

Each spinal nerve begins as an anterior (motor) and a posterior (sensory) nerve root. These roots arise from the spinal cord, and unite at the intervertebral foramina, forming a single spinal nerve.

The spinal nerve then leaves the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramina, and then divides into two:

The cecum is the most proximal part of the large intestine and is located between the ileum (distal small bowel) and the ascending colon.

Having served as a site for cellulose digestion in our ancestors, the cecum now simply acts as a reservoir for chyme which it receives from the ileum.

In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the cecum – its anatomical structure, neurovascular supply, and lymphatic drainage.

The colon (large intestine) is the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract, extending from the cecum to the anal canal. It receives digested food from the small intestine, from which it absorbs water and electrolytes to form faeces.

Anatomical Structure

The testes have an ellipsoid shape. They consist of a series of lobules, each containing seminiferous tubules supported by interstitial tissue. The seminiferous tubules are lined by Sertoli cells that aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa. In the interstitial tissue lie the Leydig cells that are responsible for testosterone production.

The popliteal fossa is a diamond shaped area located on the posterior aspect of the knee. It is the main path by which vessels and nerves pass between the thigh and the leg.

In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the popliteal fossa – its borders, contents and clinical correlations.

Borders
 

The popliteal fossa is diamond shaped with four borders. These borders are formed by the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg and thigh: