RACK 7 LOWER LIMB

Bones are composed of bone matrix, which has both organic and inorganic components. Bone matrix is laid down by osteoblasts as collagen, also known as osteoid. Osteoid is hardened with inorganic salts, such as calcium and phosphate, and by the chemicals released from the osteoblasts through a process known as mineralization.

The basic microscopic unit of bone is an osteon (or Haversian system). Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that can measure several millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in diameter.

The tibia is a medial and large long bone of the lower extremity, connecting the knee and ankle joints. It is considered to be the second largest bone in the body and it plays an important role in weight bearing.[1] Osteologic features of the tibia include medial and lateral condyles, the tibial plateau, the tibial tuberosity, the soleal line, the medial malleolus, and the fibular notch.

Osteologic Features

Clinical Relevance: Percutaneous Liver Biopsy

A percutaneous liver biopsy is procedure used to obtain a sample of liver tissue. A needle is inserted through the skin to access the liver.

The biopsy is required in several clinical scenarios:

Abdominal Aorta

The abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta beginning at the level of the T12 vertebrae. It is approximately 13cm long and ends at the level of the L4 vertebra. At this level, the aorta terminates by bifurcating into the right and left common iliac arteries that supply the lower body.

Branches

In descending order:

Distal penile gangrene associated with renal failure is a rare entity with only 3 cases reported in the literature. Certain physiological abnormalities are commonly found in association with this condition, including secondary hyperparathyroidism, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease.

Gangrene can develop when the supply of blood to an area of your body is interrupted.

This can occur as the result of an injury, an infection, or an underlying condition that affects your circulation.

Clinical significance

Thalassemia enlarged spleen taken after splenectomy

Enlarged spleen

Main article: Splenomegaly

The femoral head articulates with the hip via the acetabulum; giving rise to the hip joint (femoroacetabular joint). The ligament of the head of the femur is attached to the fovea (shallow depression on the superomedial part of the head of the femur) and to the center of the acetabulum.

The femur is the only bone in the thigh and the longest bone in the body.

It acts as the site of origin and attachment of many muscles and ligaments, and can be divided into three parts; proximal, shaft and distal.

The popliteal artery is one of the major arteries of the leg. It is a continuation of the femoral artery, travels across the popliteal fossa, and finally bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial ends. Across it journey it gives off numerous branches that supply several structures such as the knee joint and its components, together with major muscles of the leg.

The heart is a hollow muscular pump, which lies in the middle mediastinum. On its surface, it has several distinctive features which are of anatomical and clinical importance.

In this article, we shall look at the surface anatomy of the heart and discuss the clinical relevance of these features.

Orientation and Surfaces

The heart has been described by many texts as “a pyramid which has fallen over”. The apex of this pyramid pointing in an anterior-inferior direction.

(spleen) An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen makes lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach.