RACK 6 ABDOMEN AND CLINICAL ANATOMY

The lungs are two large organs located within the chest cavity. They are responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Each lung is divided into several lobes, with the right lung having three lobes and the left lung having two lobes.

Gangrenous gallbladder (gangrenous cholecystitis) is a severe, life-threatening complication of acute gallbladder inflammation where tissue dies due to lack of blood supply, affecting 2%–30% of cases. It typically presents with intense right upper quadrant pain, fever, and high white blood cell counts, often requiring emergency surgery (cholecystectomy) to prevent perforation. 

gangrenous kidney, or renal gangrene, is a life-threatening, critical condition where tissue death (necrosis) occurs due to severe infection (such as gas gangrene) or loss of blood supply (ischemia). It is rare but can result from renal artery thrombosis, severe trauma, or, in very rare cases, complications from procedures like percutaneous renal cryoablation. 

The urinary bladder is a hollow, spherical-shaped organ that holds urine (pee). For most people, it can hold 500-700 mL (about two cups) of pee. When you need to use the restroom, muscles in your bladder contract (tighten) and sphincter muscles in your urethra relax, allowing pee to flow out of your body.

The bladder is part of your urinary system.

Anatomy of the Urinary System

Women's Health Diagnosis and Screening for Gynecologic Conditions

How does the urinary system work?

The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra.

A sagittal section of the kidney reveals its internal structure, organized from outer to inner layers as the fibrous renal capsule, the outer renal cortex, and the inner renal medulla, which consists of cone-shaped renal pyramids. It displays the renal pelvis, calyces, and renal sinus.

Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, roughly the size of a fist, located in the lower back, one on each side of the spine. They are critical for filtering blood, removing waste and excess fluid through urine, controlling blood pressure, balancing minerals, and aiding red blood cell production. 

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A sagittal section of the kidney reveals a bean-shaped organ with a distinct, tough outer fibrous capsule and two primary inner regions: an outer lighter-colored cortex and an inner darker-colored medulla. The medulla contains cone-shaped renal pyramids, which drain into minor calyces, then major calyces, leading to the renal pelvis. 

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Epiploic appendages are small (1–5 cm), fat-filled, peritoneum-covered pouches attached to the outer surface of the colon, with 50–100 present from the cecum to the rectosigmoid junction.

The interior of the testis consists of approximately 250 pyramidal-shaped lobules, separated by fibrous septa derived from the tough outer capsule, the tunica albuginea. Each lobule contains 1–4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm production occurs, supported by interstitial Leydig cells that produce testosterone. 

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